The thread was started by Cacicedo forwarding Behn’s The Rover and asking whether or not the “[sin of] the apple” = sexual knowledge and whether this was a “commonplace equation”. This demonstrated questioning, or pointing out a gap in analysis. The first response by Barton addresses the topic, but in a subservient manner, starting off with “I’m not sure how authoritative this is,” and then takes a winding road to address the topic. She starts off by stating that children used to give their teachers apples and apples then became a symbol of knowledge and that is why Apple Computers chose this name. She then explains that in Ancient Greece, the apple “was the symbol of sex and virginity”. She ends her response with another question as to why the children would give their teachers apples and, the unclear question of whether or not teachers are aware of Greek culture. Barton’s response serves as the framework for the rest of the discussion of this topic. Each of her points are addressed later in the thread and serve, more than the opening question of the thread, as the guidelines.
The third response starts by addressing the naming of Apple Computers, and drops the name of important persona within the Apple company and this is the majority of her response. Maxwell then shifts into pointing out that the bible says “fruit” and it is Satan in Paradise Lost who says “apple”. She ends by bringing up why Milton “took so much trouble to remove sex as a component of original sin, when the apple has such a rich historical connection with sex”. She manages to forward Milton’s Paradise Lost in her response, however, her last comment about removing sex as a component of original sin does not seem accurate, as I can think of no instance of this being supported in the text of Paradise Lost.
Horace Jeffrey Hodges takes the thread on a bit of a tangent with his response and also demonstrates a departure in the type of conversation. He mentions that Milton’s apple was in fact a peach and then gives the links for a book that supports this, as well as his own article on the subject. This self-promotion had not manifested itself in the thread so far, and Hodges’ purpose of self-promotion is seen with how he ends his response “If I might be allowed that postlapsarian vanity”.
The fifth entry in the thread starts a new topic, in focusing on the Fall in Paradise Lost. It is also the first time that a responder refers back to another post. In this way, Blackburn forwards the idea of Maxwell while also using it as a jumping off point to phrase his own question which is “when precisely does the ‘fall’ take place?” The message is brief and instead of being a response, follows more the style of what started the thread, by asking a question of the list-serv.
The sixth entry is a short tangent by Maxwell that states that this might connect with the topic of mind-body. However, this response/topic is not picked up by anyone.
In the seventh, Hodges answers Blackburn by directing him to specific lines in Paradise Lost and giving a specific citation of which version of Paradise Lost he referenced. Hodges also states his opinion on how Milton would identify the Fall. This response is interesting for a couple reasons, it is the first time that we see a previous poster come back to the topic and it is the first time that specific text is quoted to support a stance. This demonstrates the action of “coming to terms” with the topic and using analysis.
The eighth post is the longest and follows in the vein Hodges started with by cut and pasting Blackburn’s question, perhaps to clarify which aspect of the thread Prawdzik is referring to. He then goes on to reference Milton’s “Christian Doctrine” in order to define sin and then identify the moment of the fall. This is the first time that we have seen a responder define a term in order to make an argument. Prawdzik cites several other sources to make his point, and, as Hodges did, uses specific textual examples to support his argument. Interestingly enough, he ends his post with what appears to almost be backtracking of his confident tone, “All this being said, surely there are many ways, some contrary, to answer this tricky question.” This is unusual because the tone of the rest of the response is very confident and authoritative.
The next response is the first time that there seems to be a bit of a personal attack to the previous responder. The first line is “I think the answer is very simple, really”. This seems to imply that the previous responder did not know what he was talking about. Rovira continues this tone with “There was only one command, so there was only one sin possible”. This tone takes the thread in a new direction by changing it from a discussion among colleagues to promoting himself to an authoritative level, and implying that since the rest of the responders did not come to this conclusion, they are lesser somehow. However, the next part of his response forwards Hodges’ quotes, and states that they support his view. Rovira then has a strange indentation and italicized section that would appear to quote from earlier in the response, but does not. He ends his response by countering his own response at the beginning by saying that “Brendan [Prawdzik] certainly made a good case for Milton’s Christian reading of the fall of Adam and Eve.”
Gillum, with the next response takes his response back to Prawdzik in referring to how Eve sins and quotes Book 5. His response is brief and to the point, and seems to be a counter to Rovira’s response as he both states a different point of view on the time of the Fall, implies there is an argument to be made that the Fall could have been a couple of different moments in the text and ends with stating that he thought “Brendan Prawdzik’s mini-essay on law was very good.” This purpose of this response seems to only be refuting Rovira’s statements.
Van den Berg’s response redirects the topic to Blackburn’s original question both by mentioning another factor for understanding the Fall and by redirecting the thread to a more professional tone. Her response is short and to the point but in a subtle way, highlights what the topic/point of Blackburn’s original question was. She also manages to make an argument that says she’s right, without the condescending tone that is present in Rovira’s post.
The next post changes the topic by asking a tangent question, “when does Satan fall? At the moment he envies the Son? When he withdraws to the North with his legions? When he is expelled from Heaven by the Son? Or all three.” There is no response or reference to any of the previous posts, just a short set of questions. This was also a unique post in that it was the only poster that did not have a display name attached, and therefore I was not able to look up his/her credentials.
The next response is extremely jumbled. Cox references how Milton pictured the universe then mentions Milton’s “novelistic” approach and compares it to Dante. Next she states that there is “no necessary connection between the act of eating and disobedience” and then paraphrases a quote, from memory she says. Then she mentions Uriel but what she mentions about Uriel is unclear. I was not able to follow her logic or discern what topic she was even referencing. Part of the reason why I found this response so strange was that Cox is a Miltonist and I didn’t understand why her response was incomprehensible.
The last response to the thread was only the second time a previous poster comes back to the thread and responds. Barton responds to the question of Satan’s Fall, by citing “De Doctrina” and refers to the previous poster by name (Stella), which seems to indicate a personal relationship, or at least familiarity. Barton again takes a subservient tone by saying she doesn’t know if she recalls the passage “correctly” but then states what she thinks Milton says. She uses specific textual evidence, which she did not do in her first response. The assumption of a personal relationship is also supported by Barton signing off as “Best to all”. It is the only time in the thread that anyone uses a personal signature.
There were two final threads, however they did not address the topic. The first one stated that this topic had already been discussed at length during June of 2008, and referenced the archive link for that discussion. The second was by Blackburn and stated that discussion forums were a better format for discussion, “state of the art” (implying list-servs weren’t?) and would enable people to reference archived material more easily. He then went on to state that he hopes that his opinion/suggestion would be taken in the “spirit it was offered” and that this was one of his favorite “discussions on the internet”. I thought that this was a strange post for a couple of reasons. I do not see the sense in critiquing the format of the discussion when you aren’t aware of the technical or monetary reasons for why this is operating as a list-serv versus some other format. And it seems as though, if Blackburn had a suggestion for improving the way the discussions were done, then he should have sent a personal email to Kevin Creamer, who hosts the site instead of posting to this unrelated thread. I also thought it was strange that Blackburn would essentially call the list-serv backward and outdated and then turn around and praise it. It seemed like a disingenuous statement.
This thread demonstrates several of the rhetorical moves we’ve discussed in class; forwarding is seen with the advancing of other people’s ideas (both textual references and people responding on the list-serv). Countering is seen mainly by arguing the other side, and often has an adversarial tone to it, versus discussing the gaps and problems as a way to open a discussion. Each responder has a specific style of thinking and this is clear in how they take an approach and has a clear understanding of the texts mentioned (coming to terms).
One negative I noticed about this thread was that the originator of the thread never chimed back in to redirect the conversation or restate his original question. While there is no way to tell if Cacicedo read or followed the thread, I thought it odd that there was no response. I also thought it strange that only two people responded more than once (leaving out Blackburn’s postscript). It seemed as though many of the responders were simply responding to state their ideas and were not really interested in participating in the discussion. I believe that there are only three exceptions to this; Hodges, Prawdzik and Barton’s second response. Each advances the discussion and appears from their responses, to have actually listened to what the other responders had to say. Their responses are the difference in a conversation when someone is listening, and when one is simply waiting for their turn to talk.
Overall, I was impressed with both the flow of the thread and the fact that the thread stayed on topic. I have noticed that this seems characteristic of the Milton list-serv. While the responders don’t always agree with each other’s points, there seems to be a strict respect for how the discussion evolves, and this seems to support the idea that this is a professional community where people may disagree, but there are certain forms and rules to be followed. The specific function of this thread seemed to be insider discourse.
This particular thread started as a question about the apple as a sexual symbol, lapsed only once as a poster self-promoted, went on a related tangent about when the Fall took place, and continued in this vein discussing the topic of the Fall, using specific textual evidence to support individual claims, until the end of the thread. I think that this coherence through an entire thread seems to be unusual in a list-serv community. I also think that the tone of the responders is more professional than a lot of the list-servs I have observed.
List Serv Research
Topic: “Sin of the apple”
1. Alberto Cacicedo alc at mac.com
Wed Feb 10 14:52:12 EST 2010
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Rereading Behn's _The Rover_ I noticed that in the 5th act Blunt says to Frederick,
"Wert thou as innocent from the sin of the grape, as thou art from the apple, thou mightst yet claim that right in Eden which our first parents lost by too much loving."
The context makes it clear that "[sin of] the apple" = sexual knowledge. Is that a commonplace equation?
Al Cacicedo
2. Carol Barton cbartonphd1 at verizon.net
Wed Feb 10 15:15:10 EST 2010
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I'm not sure how authoritative this is, but apparently, yes--as far
back as ancient Greece, Al: from
http://loveosopher.wordpress.com/2007/11/12/apple-symbol-of-knowledge-or-sex/
"Western children used to give their teachers apple in school. Due to
this culture, apple became a symbol of knowledge. That's why Apple
Computers chose this name.
But, in ancient Greece, Apple was the symbol of sex & virginity.
Because, when you vertically slice an apple in half, you find the
symbol of female organ. And they believed that apple is also good for
sex health.
I wonder why would the children give their female teachers apples.
Aren't the teachers aware about the Greek culture?"
3. Kim Maxwell kmaxwell at stanford.edu
Wed Feb 10 19:17:37 EST 2010
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As I have named two companies (in a previous life) and was a friend of Regis McKenna, the PR person who worked with Apple in the earliest days, I can say safely that much mythology comes after the fact of naming, and, less safely, that "Apple" was a whim. Regis said to me that Steve Jobs said to him, "tell me why we should not name the company 'apple'" as if the name just popped in his head. Regis could give him no good reason, so "Apple" it was. It has no other significance, before the fact. After, well, anything goes. It is probably how God thought about the tree; it hardly mattered what it was, so long as he could make it forbidden (perhaps why the bible just says "fruit" and no one but Satan says "apple" in PL).
On the topic, it seems interesting to me that Milton took so much trouble to remove sex as a component of original sin, when the apple has such a rich historical connection with sex (why did Paris pick Helen over all that power he was promised?). This may have some connection with the other topic of interest, the mind-body problem. If original sin does nor arise from the flesh, perhaps it is not such a problem.
Kim Maxwell
4. Horace Jeffery Hodges jefferyhodges at yahoo.com
Wed Feb 10 19:41:29 EST 2010
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The bite (byte?) taken out of the Apple implies forbidden knowledge, but perhaps that was an afterthought for Apple.
As for Milton's 'apple', we now know that it was a peach. Or so Robert Appelbaum in Aguecheek's beef, belch's hiccup, and other gastronomic interjections (2006):
http://books.google.com/books?id=CYyNGLOAgCYC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=appelbaum+peach+%22paradise+lost%22&source=bl&ots=ghmEfPbyCW&sig=ngnul9nL8XnAUYwf7-HQnqtXC4c&hl=en&ei=g1BzS7X0LsuLkAXNxpT6CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CB8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Or my more recent article "Forbidden Fruit as Impedimental Peach: A Scholarly 'Pesher' on Paradise Lost 9.850-852":
http://memes.or.kr/sources/%C7%D0%C8%B8%C1%F6/MEMES/18.2/18.2.395-411.Hodges.pdf
If I might be allowed that postlapsarian vanity . . .
Jeffery Hodges
5. Sanford Blackburn antinomian2 at hotmail.com
Thu Feb 11 21:15:23 EST 2010
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Kim's question/suggestion reminds me of a question I've long wondered about. When precisely does the "fall" take place? When Adam decides to follow Eve's advice, when their transgression is "found out," when they are expelled from Paradise?
Carter Kaplan
6. Date: Wed, 10 Feb 2010 16:17:37 -0800
From: kmaxwell at stanford.edu
Subject: Re: [Milton-L] "Sin of the apple" and apple computer
To: milton-l at lists.richmond.edu
This may have some connection with the other topic of interest, the mind-body problem. If original sin does nor arise from the flesh, perhaps it is not such a problem.
Kim Maxwell
7. Horace Jeffery Hodges jefferyhodges at yahoo.com
Thu Feb 11 21:33:53 EST 2010
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The Fall was a process, as we can explicitly see from PL 9.782f
Earth felt the wound, and Nature from her seat
Sighing through all her Works gave signs of woe,
That all was lost. (PL 9.782f)
and from PL 9.1000f
Earth trembl'd from her entrails, as again
In pangs, and Nature gave a second groan,
Skie lowr'd, and muttering Thunder, som sad drops
Wept at compleating of the mortal Sin
Original; (PL 9.1000f)
But Eve was already falling as she began to 'fall' for Satan's temptation, and some effects of the Fall continued after Adam's "compleating of the mortal Sin / Original," such as the disarrangement of the sun's orbit, the curse on the earth, and other consequences. Milton would probably say that the Fall is an ongoing process (though Paradise is, in principle, regained in Paradise Regained).
[PL citations: Thomas H. Luxon, ed. The Milton Reading Room, http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton, February, 2010]
Jeffery Hodges
8. Brendan Prawdzik brendanprawdzik at gmail.com
Thu Feb 11 21:47:47 EST 2010
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On Thu, Feb 11, 2010 at 6:15 PM, Sanford Blackburn
wrote:
> Kim's question/suggestion reminds me of a question I've long wondered
> about. When precisely does the "fall" take place? When Adam decides to
> follow Eve's advice, when their transgression is "found out," when they are
> expelled from Paradise?
>
Hi,
I see the Fall as a process at once psychological (including rationality and
the passions) and verbal.
Defining sin in the *Christian Doctrine*, Milton distinguishes between the
sin of “evil desire” and of “the evil action or crime itself,” which “can be
committed not only through actions, as such, but also through words and
thoughts and even through the omission of a good action.” He makes it clear,
moreover, that in Genesis Adam and Eve sin primarily against a natural law
“which is innate and implanted in man’s mind,” and secondly against “the law
which proceeded from the mouth of God" (6.390-91, 382). (Here he cites
God’s express prohibition in Genesis 2.17.) The transgression, then, is an
action performed in violation of the natural law that has been codified in
the prohibition. By violating the codified law it thereby confirms a lapse
into evil desire, which I believe to have unfolded subconsciously from the
moment that the serpent's (as well as author's, reader's) gaze lights upon
her. The linguistic distinction between the law as commanded by God and the
law implanted in man’s mind also structures the distinction between the
fruit as a “sign” of obedience and the will to obey to which that sign
corresponds. These distinctions in prelapsarian Paradise are distinctions of
form rather than of substance, pointing to disparate qualities of a single
essence. The natural law as bodied forth in God’s prohibition is necessary
insofar as it provides a verbal expression of innate knowledge that allows
Adam and Eve to conceptualize and speak about obedience, as well as to
fortify each other’s wills through sustaining conversation. It also, of
course, provides leverage for Satan to infect Eve’s will, also through the
medium of words; in fact, the success of his seduction depends on his
ability to disjoin God’s commandment from the natural law to which it
corresponds, thereby making it possible for Eve to read the prohibition
perversely as an inducement: God’s “forbidding/ Commends” the fruit “more”
(9.753-54). By this point, she seems prepared to manifest a lapse into evil
desire by committing the act that violates the express prohibition.
Also, though eating the apple concludes the Fall of Eve, Adam's eating of
the apple completes the original Fall of humankind, which becomes
immediately certified in the act of lustful (and subsequently) shameful sex
that follows.
At the same time, it is clear that Milton intends that after the Fall each
moment provides opportunities for regeneration or deeper falls, hence the
"one just man" that punctuates intervals of further decline and straying
from God's law, both before and after it has been codified in the Mosaic
law. Jesus's quoting of Deuteronomy 6.16 on the pinnacle, for instance,
reverses Eve's "evil action or crime itself" in the most literal sense by
creatively redeploying the Mosaic law in a way that authorizes both God and
the new dispensation via Christ. Then again, there's the psychological
struggle or process that precedes this act, which transpires over the first
four books as he "revolves" the "law and the prophets," remembers the words
of his mother, and interacts with the tempter.
All this being said, surely there are many ways, some contrary, to answer
this tricky question.
Sincerely,
Brendan M. Prawdzik
9. James Rovira jamesrovira at gmail.com
Fri Feb 12 01:25:33 EST 2010
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I think the answer is very simple, really. There was only one
command, so there was only one sin possible. Adam and Eve were
commanded not to eat of the forbidden fruit. They weren't commanded
to refrain from wanting it, thinking about it, desiring it, choosing
it, etc. Only from eating it. The fall occurred when they actually
ate the fruit. Other views read Christ's teachings back into a
pre-Christian context.
I think the lines that Jeffery quoted support this view.
Earth felt the wound, and Nature from her seat
Sighing through all her Works gave signs of woe,
That all was lost. (PL 9.782f)
and from PL 9.1000f
Earth trembl'd from her entrails, as again
In pangs, and Nature gave a second groan,
Skie lowr'd, and muttering Thunder, som sad drops
Wept at compleating of the mortal Sin
Original; (PL 9.1000f)
The first three quoted lines describe the earth's reaction as it "sees
it coming," the final lines quoted describe the earth's reaction at
the "compleating" of the fall.
>From a Christian point of view, Adam and Eve were fallen from the
moment they chose to disobey. Within the context of the world in
which they lived, only from the moment that they actually ate the
fruit. The point of Eve being deceived is that, being unfallen, she
could only choose to sin for good reasons -- it was pleasant to look
at and desirable for giving one wisdom. I think Milton goes back and
forth between these two positions. Brendan certainly made a good case
for Milton's Christian reading of the fall of Adam and Eve.
Jim R
10. Michael Gillum mgillum at unca.edu
Fri Feb 12 11:04:12 EST 2010
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At 5.117, referring to Eve's dream of disobedience, Adam says that evil
thoughts are not sinful unless they are "approved," presumably by the will.
Eve was "yet sinless" even after her dream. It follows that wrong thoughts
that are "approved" are sins, or the approval is the sin. Eve first sins
(falls) either at the moment she endorses the serpent's characterization of
God as an oppressor or (at latest) at the moment she decides to taste the
fruit. Milton writes this notion of "approval" explicitly into Adam's silent
deliberation: "certain my resolution is to die." In his subsequent speech to
Eve, Adam's sophistical reasoning shows that he is already fallen, his mind
darkened.
I thought Brendan Prawdzik's mini-essay on law was very good.
Michael
11. Sara van den Berg vandens at slu.edu
Fri Feb 12 11:23:10 EST 2010
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Another factor in understanding the Fall is the traditional theological
formulation of serious sin as Milton dramatizes it in PL. Three conditions
are required: serious matter (the interdiction), sufficient reflection (the
soliloquies of Eve and Adam), and full consent of the will. Milton expands
the Genesis narrative so that the moment of eating is the climax of all
three conditions. After sufficient reflection, and with full consent, Eve
and then Adam eat (choose to violate the interdiction).
Sara van den Berg
12. srevard at siue.edu srevard at siue.edu
Sat Feb 13 09:30:54 EST 2010
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A parallel question would certainly be: when does Satan fall? At the moment he
envies the Son? When he withdraws to the North with his legions? When he is
expelled from Heaven by the Son? Or all three.
-------------------------------------------------
SIUE Web Mail
13. Carrol Cox cbcox at ilstu.edu
Sat Feb 13 10:15:47 EST 2010
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srevard at siue.edu wrote:
>
> A parallel question would certainly be: when does Satan fall? At the moment he
> envies the Son? When he withdraws to the North with his legions? When he is
> expelled from Heaven by the Son? Or all three.
Are not these kinds of questions generated by Milton conceiving the
supernatural as existing within absolute (Newtonian) time and place?
Instead of eternity (the timeless) we have a universe in which before
and after, past and future, have a "real" existence. This is what makes
his epic 'novelistic' in contrast to Dante. It is also the basis for the
separation of act and motive. There is no _necessary_ connection between
the act of eating and disobedience: the visible does not manifest the
real. ("Relations, unlike the thigns in relation, must be thought, not
observed." -- paraphrase from memory, someplace in the _Grundrisse_)
Uriel (though surprised) takes for granted the abstrac possibility of a
heavenly _citizen_ engaged in individual action in abstraction from
some given _place_ (as in Dante). But he does examine the cherub as to
the _principle_ that motivates his travels, and judgesd that pricniple
to be a valid one. But the principle is not manifested in the act
itself.
Carrol
14. Carol Barton cbartonphd1 at verizon.net
Sat Feb 13 10:57:13 EST 2010
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I don't have the _De Doctrina_ to hand at the moment, Stella, but if I
recall it correctly, Milton defines sin as separation from the will of
God--so for both Adam and Eve and Lucifer, the fall occurs at the
precise moment at which the individual makes the decision to act in a
manner inconsistent with God's commandment--whether it is
This day I have begot whom I declare
My only Son, and on this holy hill
Him have anointed, whom ye now behold 605
At my right hand; your head I him appoint
And by myself have sworn to him shall bow
All knees in Heav'n, and shall confess him Lord:
Under his great vice-regent reign abide
United as one individual soul 610
For ever happy: Him who disobeys,
Me disobeys, breaks union, and that day
Cast out from God and blessed vision, falls
Into' utter darkness, deep ingulf'd, his place
Ordain'd without redemption, without end. 615
or of this Fruit ye shall not taste, lest ye die.
(The annunciation above says as much, too.)
Best to all,
Carol Barton
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